Naturalistic novels of noted American writer 
Benjamin Franklin Norris, Junior, brother of 
Charles Gilman Norris and sister-in-law of 
Kathleen Thompson Norris, about American life include 
 McTeague  in 1899. 
This novelist during the Progressive era predominantly authored works that include 
 The Octopus: A California Story  (1901) and 
 The Pit  (1903). Although he not openly supported socialism as a political system, his work nevertheless evinces a socialist mentality and influenced socialist-progressive writers, such as 
Upton Beall Sinclair. Philosophical defense of 
Thomas Henry Huxley of the advent of Darwinism profoundly influenced him like many of his contemporaries. Norris studied under 
Joseph LeConte, who at the University of California, Berkeley, taught an optimistic strand of Darwinist philosophy that particularly influenced him. Through many of his novels, notably 
McTeague, runs a preoccupation with the notion of the civilized man overcoming the inner "brute," his animalistic tendencies. His peculiar and often confused brand of social Darwinism also bears the influence of the early criminologist 
Cesare Lombroso and the French naturalist 
Émile Zola.