Naturalistic novels of noted American writer
Benjamin Franklin Norris, Junior, brother of
Charles Gilman Norris and sister-in-law of
Kathleen Thompson Norris, about American life include
McTeague in 1899.
This novelist during the Progressive era predominantly authored works that include
The Octopus: A California Story (1901) and
The Pit (1903). Although he not openly supported socialism as a political system, his work nevertheless evinces a socialist mentality and influenced socialist-progressive writers, such as
Upton Beall Sinclair. Philosophical defense of
Thomas Henry Huxley of the advent of Darwinism profoundly influenced him like many of his contemporaries. Norris studied under
Joseph LeConte, who at the University of California, Berkeley, taught an optimistic strand of Darwinist philosophy that particularly influenced him. Through many of his novels, notably
McTeague, runs a preoccupation with the notion of the civilized man overcoming the inner "brute," his animalistic tendencies. His peculiar and often confused brand of social Darwinism also bears the influence of the early criminologist
Cesare Lombroso and the French naturalist
Émile Zola.